Food consumption is a significant and complex social activity—and what a society chooses to feed its children reveals much about its tastes and ideas regarding health. In this groundbreaking historical work, Amy Bentley explores how the invention of commercial babe nutrient shaped American notions of infancy and influenced the evolution of parental and pediatric care. Until the late nineteenth century, infants were almost exclusively fed breast milk. Merely over the grade of a few short decades, Americans began feeding their babies formula and solid foods, frequently as early on as a few weeks afterward nascence. By the 1950s, commercial babe food had become allegorical of all things mod in postwar America. Lilliputian jars of baby food were idea to resolve a multitude of problems in the domestic sphere: They reduced parental anxieties about nutrition and health; they made caretakers experience empowered; and they offered women entering the workforce an irresistible convenience. Just these baby nutrient products laden with carbohydrate, salt, and starch too became a gateway to the industrialized diet that blossomed during this catamenia. Today, baby food continues to be shaped by medical, commercial, and parenting trends. Baby food producers now contend with health and nutrition problems as well as the rising of alternative nutrient movements. All of this matters considering, as the writer suggests, information technology'southward during infancy that American palates become acclimated to tastes and textures, including those of highly processed, minimally nutritious, and calorie-dense industrial food products.

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... Frank and Daniel Gerber began making pureed canned fruits and vegetables for babies in 1928 and in 1942 began to focus entirely on baby foods (Bentley 2014). In order to convince moms of the wholesomeness of its products, Gerber deputed research showing the health benefits of canned infant foods, published in the Journal of the American Dietetic Association, and the company launched advertising campaigns in the Journal and women's magazines. ...

... In order to convince moms of the wholesomeness of its products, Gerber commissioned inquiry showing the health benefits of canned babe foods, published in the Periodical of the American Dietetic Association, and the company launched advertising campaigns in the Periodical and women's magazines. Quickly, Gerber'due south popularity and its aggressive marketing entrada helped trigger the before introduction of solid foods every bit a supplement to breast milk (Bentley 2014). In the early 1990s, in an try not just to have babies fed baby food earlier but to keep them on that food longer, Gerber launched its Gerber Graduates line for toddlers, expanding its accomplish to children anile two and older (Shapiro 1992). ...

... Early in the history of baby-nutrient marketing, beginning in the 1930s, a strong emphasis was placed on disarming parents and the medical community of the necessity of baby food through far-reaching advertising campaigns and industry-funded enquiry (Bentley 2014). This aforementioned strategy of ambitious marketing is still used today, aimed at children and adults alike. ...

... However, the provision of jarred baby food was, at one time, similar infant formula, a preserve of the middle classes, noted as convenient and 'modern'. It was marketed, similar formula milk, as a mode of ensuring that your kid would receive all of the essential nutrients and parents began to motion away from home cooking (Bentley, 2014). A feature of gimmicky parenting credo is a render to the natural, and the BLW method, along with a swing to homecooked food, fits with this motion. ...

  • Abigail Locke Abigail Locke

In this age of 'intensive maternity', new mothers are flooded with data on the all-time ways in which to raise their children. One of the key issues is babe feeding, in particular, the timing and method of weaning their children onto solid nutrient. This newspaper examines a new approach chosen 'baby-led weaning' (BLW) in which the child feeds themselves instead of beingness spoon-fed, that came into popular parenting civilization in recent years, considering the ways in which it is represented in National and International newspapers. The media search database Proquest International Newsstand, was searched for 'baby-led weaning', producing an eventual sample of 78 manufactures from a number of countries. The articles were subjected to a critical discursive psychological analysis. The cardinal themes that emerged from the newspapers focused around 2 main areas; the babe as agentive in their eating behaviours; and, constructions of maternal identities and resisting 'good maternity'.

... Mothers are held accountable for the health and wellbeing of their children only are at the same time described equally lacking capabilities and coping strategies for handling food risks. Public wellness soapbox generally positions mothers (and their babies) as vulnerable and in need of scientific and medical advice and support (Apple, 1995;Bentley, 2014;Play a joke on, Nicholson, & Heffernan, 2009;Kehily, 2014). In this context food and feeding are presented as dangerous territory that mothers must navigate using a plethora of advice on optimal and safe diets to excogitate, carry, and care for an baby (Keenan & Stapleton, 2010;Kehily, 2014;Lee, 2007). ...

This paper adds to critical studies of run a risk and mothering by illustrating and conceptualising how take a chance is synthetic in public health advice and mothers' accounts of weaning. Previous inquiry points towards a gap between public health scientific definitions of adventure and mothers' contextual understandings and experience of treatment circuitous and often alien risks linked to food and feeding. Information technology has been suggested that public health discourse misses out on or even silences risks defined past women in their everyday care practices. Therefore, our aim is to conceptualise and map various co-existing constructions of risk and hash out how an sensation of the multiplicity of risk can inform public health advice that accept mothers' betoken of view into account. Using the concept 'riskscape', we explore and compare how public health and mothers' constructions of hazard diverge and overlap. Our findings illustrate how mothers belong to a community of practise where weaning is understood and proficient in relation to their everyday life and eating practices involving multiple concerns that are not addressed in public health advice, especially the wider food and data landscape. The study also indicate that this divergence tin provoke feelings of insecurity and anxiety among mothers and make public wellness advice seem less relevant. In sum, our findings suggest a need for public health to acknowledge mothers' feel of weaning as a compound practice similar to their own eating practices and to widen the nowadays focus on adventure as a domestic and individual responsibility.

... In a foodscape that encourages mothers to accept individual responsibility for keeping children safe and healthy (Lupton 2013, MacKendrick 2014, centre-form mothers in particular may run across engaging in expensive and fourth dimension-consuming food strategies, such as purchasing and preparing organic food and making foods from scratch, as a demonstration of proficient mothering. Such acts are associated with a deep maternal love and commitment to protecting children'due south symbolic purity (Bentley 2014, Cairns et al. 2013. One study finds that heart-grade mothers see the daily act of packing a lunchbox as a symbolic display of their commitment to classed ideas about expert mothering and wellness (Harman and Cappellini 2015). ...

  • Joslyn Brenton

Despite experiencing numerous barriers, mothers today face increasing social pressure to embody perfection through their foodwork. A growing body of social science research identifies how gender and class inequality shape women's perceptions of food and their feeding strategies, but this enquiry is thus far limited in its understanding of the roles that race and indigenous identity play in a mother'south food landscape. Drawing on 60 in-depth interviews with a racially and economically diverse group of mothers, this paper examines how feeding immature children is intertwined with contemporary ideas about child health besides as women'southward efforts to negotiate race, class, and gender hierarchies. Extending Hays' concept of intensive mothering, rich descriptions of feeding children reveal how mothers in this study are discursively engaged with what I call an 'intensive feeding ideology' - the widespread belief that good mothering is synonymous with intensive food labour. Drawing on intersectional theory, this article discusses the limits of an intensive feeding ideology, particularly for poor and middle-course mothers of colour. The findings contribute to an understanding of how power relations are embedded within nutrient ideologies and how mothers of young children effort to negotiate them.

... While much has been written near the evolution of industrialized systems of food product in the global north, and to some extent for areas beyond, the role of packaging in these transformations remains largely unresearched (Bentley 2014;Bobrow-Strain 2012;Lang 2003;Montanari 1996;Warner 2013). Much of the work on the evolution of industrialized food chains in China has been express to the post-Mao flow, such that one might, not unreasonably, conclude that the event of industrial food and packaging was a contemporary phenomenon without much precedent prior to the 1980s (Jing 2000;Millstone and Lang 2013;Schneider 2015;Smil 2005;Watson 1997). ...

  • Jia-Chen Fu Jia-Chen Fu

This article seeks to illuminate the field of social and material relations that generated and were generated by the Vitasoy milk canteen. When Vitasoy began making and selling soybean milk in 1940, the materiality of the milk bottle underscored and participated in assembling producers and consumers in both productive and problematic ways. The milk bottle was a material instantiation of a pattern of desires closely associated with global modernity that gestured beyond the geographical specificity of Hong Kong to an arcadian community of rational, wellness-minded milk drinkers. As a marker of hygienic modernity and a badge of humanitarian relief and nutritional activism, the milk bottle conveyed seemingly universal ideals virtually health and fitness and materially affirmed the new thought that soybean milk was a dairy substitute. How the Vitasoy milk bottle could perform such functions requires disentangling the multiple lines of influence, local and global, that helped make the milk bottle meaningful.

... Santika et al. (2009) andFahmida (2013) stated that fortified infant cereals could improve the micronutrient content of complementary nutrient offered to children. Nonetheless, these ready-touse complementary foods often increase the adventure of childhood obesity and related chronic degenerative diseases mainly considering of preservative agents and high sugar content (Bentley, 2014). ...

Purpose This newspaper aims to investigate breastfeeding and complementary feeding practices among children less than five years old and living in a rice surplus area in Demak Regency, Central Java. Design/methodology/approach From December 2014 to Feb 2015, a cross-sectional survey was carried out in Demak, which had a high proportion of undernourished children despite high rice production. In total, 384 mothers having children below five years old from farmer family groundwork were interviewed using a structured questionnaire virtually sociodemographic parameters and child feeding practices. Food habits were also investigated among these women during 2 focus grouping discussions in ii selected sub-districts. Findings Only 10.nine per cent of the children were exclusively breastfed for six months. About 60 per cent of the mothers good supplementary feeding in addition to breastfeeding and started complementary feeding too early. Duration of sectional breastfeeding practice and child'southward age at onset of complementary feeding were positively correlated ( p = 0.04). The master reasons of supplementary feeding and as well early introduction of complementary food were based on the elderly women's opinions, and the very short duration of motherhood exit for employed mothers. Mothers with a low pedagogy level had a higher chance of non reaching the optimum score of complementary feeding practices ( p = 0.012). Originality/value Despite a high level of food security in the project area, inadequate knowledge of young child feeding practices has contributed to sub-optimal breastfeeding practices. Higher educated women were more likely to follow optimal complementary feeding practices. Therefore, promotion of breastfeeding and complementary feeding practices targeting all key actors should be implemented in the study area to prevent undernutrition among infants.

... Moreover, enquiry has shown that longer maternity leave is associated with longer duration of breastfeeding [35] and that income (especially, paid get out) is more likely to influence the determination by mothers to breastfeed and how long to breastfeed. Specifically, low-income mothers are more probable to stay home and breastfeed for longer periods of fourth dimension if they are offered paid maternity leave [36]. ...

  • Cecilia S. Obeng
  • Stephanie Dickinson
  • Lilian Golzarri-Approach

Background: Breastfeeding rates are depression in many communities in the United States and require attention to come upward with ideas that will help increase breastfeeding. This study investigated the effects of income, age, race and education on mothers' perceptions about breastfeeding and whose needs and views should exist considered in a women's breastfeeding journey. Methods: A survey was distributed via email and Facebook to 525 participants; 453 participants (86.3%) responded to the survey. Results: Younger adults were more than likely to agree that fathers should have some say virtually breastfeeding. Those earning USD 0-USD l,000 were more likely to agree relative to those with college incomes on children being entitled to female parent's milk, and children's needs over-riding those of others. There was a statistically significant difference past education about women's wishes about breastfeeding being considered more important than those of their spouses. Yet, at that place was no statistically meaning deviation for whatever demographic group for breastfeeding decisions coming from women simply. On women's breasts being primarily for infant'southward diet, people who earned USD 0-USD 50,000 were more probable to agree relative to those who earned more than than USD 50,000; younger adults were significantly more probable to concur. Those who earned USD 0-USD 50,000 were more likely to hold relative to those in other income brackets that extended family members should have input regarding babies being breastfed; minority participants were significantly more than likely to hold relative to white participants; those with less than 4-year college didactics were more likely to agree relative to those with a minimum of 4-year higher education. Younger adults were more likely to agree that employers must provide extended maternity leave to make it easier for mothers to breastfeed. On women having the right to breastfeed in public places, younger adults were significantly more likely to concord compared to older adults. Conclusion: Women have favorable views most breastfeeding and prefer being in charge about decisions to breastfeed.

... By employ of these products the micronutrient content of complementary food offered to children could exist enhanced (Santika et al., 2009). However, these fix-to-use babe foods often increase the risk of babyhood obesity and other related chronic degenerative diseases mainly because of preservative agents and a loftier sugar content (Barness, 1993;Bentley, 2014). ...

  • Christy Spackman

Drawing from published accounts of the use of gas chromatography (GC) in the food industry, institute in manufacture-specific journals, this commodity examines the role of GC in irresolute how perfumers and flavorists call back about and shape the sense-able world. Information technology shows that the development of a novel twist on GC – the utilize of an expert's nose as a detecting device directly connected to the exit gasses of the gas chromatograph, rather than an instrumental detector – opened the door to a new way of categorizing aromatic molecules that inverse the purpose of expert practices of smelling within the industrial context. The marriage of human and motorcar not merely offered those tasked with developing the perfect flavor the tools for gaining information almost what aspects of a flavor they wished to keep, it also helped identify what aspects they ought to discard or obfuscate in their search to improve the natural globe of tastes and smells.

  • Emanuela Scarpellini Emanuela Scarpellini

The worker Arturo Massolari was doing the nighttime shift, the one that finishes at six. It was a long way to get habitation. When the atmospheric condition was good he went past bicycle, but in the rainy winter months he took the streetcar. He got dwelling between a quarter to vii and seven, namely a niggling before or a little later the ringing of his wife Elide'southward alarm clock.

The aim is to illustrate how web marketing frame commercial baby food equally a value-adding part of weaning practice and talk over how diverse means of framing relate to contemporary mothering ideals. Drawing on "practice" and "frame assay," we illustrate how four infant food producers' spider web marketing frame commercial baby food and weaning every bit "medical," "fun" or "user-friendly." The assay shows that the web textile offers a range of images and ideals that could function as discursive resources in mothers' everyday feeding practices, while at the same fourth dimension providing a skilful fit with several, rather than one specific mothering ideal. Too adding to our cognition on mothering this work illustrates the role that marketing play in configuring consumer practices. As a form of representation of consumer practice marketing involves a range of images offer discursive resources and supports consumers in negotiating actual and ideal practices linked to cultural ideals on consumption.

  • Joel Dickau

In the 1960s, nutrient scientists turned their attention to the problem of texture, asking how it could be defined every bit a discrete sensory property of food, measured with instruments, and fabricated useful for industrial manufacturers. In the ensuing decade researchers in N America, Japan, and elsewhere proposed answers to these questions in specialized trade journals, where they crafted sophisticated mathematics, described measuring apparatuses and protocols, and shared the results of social surveys that pointed to the deep cultural relevance of their work. The result of their efforts was an articulation of eating as a physiological practice that lay below the surface of human being consciousness, one that could be engaged past informed food manufacturers seeking to increase their share of the retail market. By literally restructuring the physical sensations of nutrition and domestic economic system, this knowledge of texture was positioned to aid corporate food manufacturers in expanding their office in the lives of ordinary consumers.

This article reports findings from a study of weaning from a perspective informed by practice theory. The overall aim is to examine how parents integrate convenience baby food into their everyday feeding practices. The focus is the embedding of convenience babe foods in the routines and rhythms of everyday life and the "do-ability" of different practices. The written report is based on fieldwork with nineteen mothers in Falköping in western Sweden. Results show that local practise-abilities emerge out of situated combinations of materials, competences, and meanings. Convenience proves to exist an emergent category rather than a belongings of particular kinds of food.

  • Elizabeth Zanoni

This article develops a "migrant market place" model for globalizing histories of migrant foodways. Information technology defines migrant marketplaces as transnational urban centers constituted by physical and imagined linkages between mobile people and the traveling foods and culinary experiences that follow them. The commodity offset identifies variables that have shaped the institution, growth, and nature of migrant marketplaces. Information technology then traces key moments in the history of migrant and food trade connections during which mobile people emerged equally facilitators of global foods. Information technology as well considers the social and cultural consequences such intertwined mobilities of migration, and food have had on migrant foodways, on the larger food cultures in which migrants are situated, and on wider transnational article networks. As this article demonstrates, the trade routes in foodstuffs created and maintained by migrant eaters and entrepreneurs reveal histories of migrant cuisines that cannot be contained solely inside nation-centric perspectives.

  • Nicole Tarulevicz

Food safety has material, symbolic, experiential, and sensory elements that create means of thinking and acting, resulting in knowledge that is embedded in institutional practices and discourses. This knowledge—contextual, contested, and changing—shapes the soapbox and practise effectually the perception and regulation of food condom. Taking the city-country of Singapore every bit an instance, this newspaper draws together elements of food condom discursive exercise, culturally and temporally specific symbols of safety, with its sensory experience to prove how governmental, cultural, and individual actors have worked across the Singaporean food system to create "senses of safety."

  • Jordan D. Rosenblum

Breastfeeding is a controversial discipline. Central to debates about how, where, and whether information technology should be done is a rhetoric of control, seeking to strategically regulate female bodies. Throughout these debates, the alterity of women pervades. Further, many of these narratives include a notion that the female body is not whole, but pierced; it is a porous body incapable of cocky-regulation, in straight dissimilarity with the male body, conceived of equally independent and controlled. Focusing on breastfeeding in an essay on pierced and unbound bodies in rabbinic literature might seem surprising. However, theorizing the female body as leaky and the male body as contained elucidates certain rabbinic discourse regarding the purity condition of breast milk. In particular, it explains why the rabbis imagine a scenario in which a lactating male produces pure breast milk.

This chapter demonstrates how convenience foods have become incorporated within people'southward everyday routines and dietary practices including the fashion shopping and cooking convenience foods have been normalized. Examining historical and contemporary sources, the chapter shows how commercial infant food in Sweden has needed continuous work to reconcile its use with notions of existence a 'expert mother'. The chapter shows how certain practices associated with processed baby nutrient are scripted (involving notions of prescription, de-inscription and re-inscription) in relation to advice from health regime and other official bodies or in response to marketing campaigns. Commercially produced infant food is considered convenient in enabling parents (unremarkably mothers) to feed their children in a diverseness of locations, at home and 'on the move'. While it is often regarded as an acceptable and modern manner of infant feeding, based on ideologies of 'scientific motherhood', it can pose meaning issues in terms of cultural appropriateness, given competing (idealized and highly gendered) ideologies well-nigh 'feeding the family'.

  • Nicole Tarulevicz

The hawker centre is an icon of contemporary Singapore and an essential element of national identity, but one that has undergone multiple reinventions. Most recently hawking has repeatedly been presented as approaching crunch, prompted by an aging hawker population. The response of the Singapore government has been to begin another celebrated transformation of the bell-ringer, focusing on the hawker entrepreneur - the hawkerpreneur. Ahead of reinvention, codification of knowledge about hawking was required and provided by museum exhibitions and cultural celebrations in media. The hawker became romanticized, a figure of history, distanced from an emergent adjacent generation. These new hawkers are imagined by public and private interests as being successful entrepreneurs and glamorous, conform-wearing people. A alter in status for hawking, accomplished by a new prototype and structural changes, such as rankings by Michelin, are being used to signal this new stage of Singaporean street food.

  • Joel Dickau

In the 1960s, corporate funded sensory science radically advanced knowledge almost the nutrient texture preferences of American consumers. Most research was geared to knowing what was all-time to chew, but one influential sensory laboratory at General Foods Corporation made provisional statements about what they believed was more often than not regarded as "bad to chew." These haptic discards have since been refashioned by mostly white, generally male American foodie culture into points of artful discrimination and later every bit drivers of culinary tourism. At the aforementioned time, discriminating eaters that maintained and cultivated these sensory attributes in regional delicacies accept grappled with the broader "bad to chew" in circuitous and difficult ways. This essay poses one way of considering how sensory science serving mass culture and idiosyncratic local tastes have interacted.

  • Christy Spackman

Odors ascertain many things: plants, foods, people. Although the rise of instrumental flavor and odor analysis techniques from the 1950s to 1980s, largely driven by the food and perfumery industries, immune scientists unprecedented access to cognition about the structures and origins of odorific molecules, these techniques and their influence on the social imagination remain relatively unexamined. Working at the intersection of Gender, Food, and Scientific discipline and Applied science Studies, this paper examines how the technique of gas chromatography-olfactometry (GC-O), cardinal to how perfumers and flavorists managed sensory feel, was mobilized to scientifically categorize the actual odors of immigrants and women every bit other. Through assay of the instrumental and sensory techniques used to quantify as well as qualify bodily smell, I examine how researchers mimicked patterns for ordering the globe of taste and smell in their efforts to characterize and primary women's bodily odors. The indexing of bodily odors through GC-O highlighted the porous nature of the trunk and its smells, even as researchers, physicians, and producers of feminine "hygiene" products promoted commercial anti-fungal medications, douches, and suppositories for their promise to reign in the excess smells of the body and its microbial and mycobial companions.

  • Sarah Tracy Sarah Tracy

Monosodium glutamate (MSG) traveled to America in the Pacific theatre of Earth War 2. The flavor-enhancing nutrient additive was known in the U.Southward. beforehand, but information technology was the feel of Japanese military rationing that drove American armed forces and food manufacture interests to truly prefer the technology and to invest in domestic production. In 1957, researchers in Japan discovered a method of producing MSG with unprecedented efficiency and profitability: industrial fermentation. Industrial fermentation refers to the big-scale production of commercially valuable substances by growing selected microbial cultures on cheaply available raw materials. This paper explores how MSG came to be harvested at scale from the metabolic excretions or wastes of bacteria fed on other agri-industrial waste material products (due east.thousand., sugar, soy, wheat). The $viii.iv billion (USD) Ajinomoto Company, Inc., founder and top global manufacturer of MSG (in add-on to other seasonings, processed foods, beverages, amino acids, pharmaceuticals and specialty chemicals), has been fermenting glutamate from modified bacterial strains since roughly 1960. The profitability of the fermentation method provided the impetus for expanding the global MSG market in the postwar catamenia, impacting the health and artful value of foodways around the globe.

  • Catherine Salzman

This article considers the Planta food scare that gripped the Netherlands in 1960. A new synthetic emulsifier had been added to a brand of margarine—called "Planta"—and a big number of people became seriously sick. The article uses the food scare as a point of departure to illuminate Dutch food civilisation and civilization equally a whole. It addresses the cultural and regulatory aspects of the scare. It shows the role of margarine in Dutch nutrient culture, in particular through advertisements for margarine that appeared before and during the scare and the utilize of margarine in recipes published in women'south magazines. It shows the spectacular increase in the sale of margarine in the postwar period. The commodity also focuses on the regulations governing the industry of margarine before the food scare, and how those regulations were changed equally a consequence of it. The article shows that margarine manufacturers were able to make up one's mind the regulations that governed the manufacture of their own products, as a result of which the regulations had serious shortcomings. The article concludes that traditional Dutch food culture and traditional Dutch culture as a whole were not unrelated.

This chapter traces the historical growth of consumer demand for various types of convenience food, acknowledging the significance of earlier forms of bottled, pickled and canned food only focusing on the menses offset in the 1950s with the development of the frozen TV dinner in the United States and contemporary European examples (including frozen, chilled and ambient products, branded and own-label). It discusses the variable market penetration of convenience food across Europe and examines the role of technological alter including innovations in industrial food processing (such as the 'cold chain') and domestic technologies (such as refrigeration, home freezing and microwave cooking). The affiliate also considers the function of supermarkets in shaping the routines of automobile-borne nutrient shopping and irresolute gender relations and household structures (including the effects of increased female person participation in the labour force and the growth of single-person households). The chapter ends with a more than detailed business relationship of the evolution of convenience food in the Great britain, Denmark, Germany and Sweden.

Over the last century, intakes of omega-half dozen (ω-6) fatty acids in Western diets have dramatically increased, while omega-iii (ω-three) intakes have fallen. Resulting ω-6/ω-3 intake ratios accept risen to nutritionally undesirable levels, generally 10 to 15, compared to a possible optimal ratio nigh 2.iii. Nosotros report results of the first big-scale, nationwide study of fat acids in U.S. organic and conventional milk. Averaged over 12 months, organic milk contained 25% less ω-half-dozen fat acids and 62% more than ω-three fat acids than conventional milk, yielding a 2.v-fold college ω-6/ω-three ratio in conventional compared to organic milk (v.77 vs. ii.28). All individual ω-3 fat acid concentrations were higher in organic milk-α-linolenic acid (by lx%), eicosapentaenoic acid (32%), and docosapentaenoic acid (19%)-as was the concentration of conjugated linoleic acrid (xviii%). We written report mostly moderate regional and seasonal variability in milk fatty acid profiles. Hypothetical diets of developed women were modeled to assess milk fatty-acid-driven differences in overall dietary ω-half dozen/ω-three ratios. Diets varied according to three choices: high instead of moderate dairy consumption; organic vs. conventional dairy products; and reduced vs. typical consumption of ω-6 fat acids. The three choices together would subtract the ω-half dozen/ω-3 ratio among adult women by ∼eighty% of the total decrease needed to accomplish a target ratio of 2.3, with relative impact "switch to depression ω-6 foods" > "switch to organic dairy products" ≈ "increase consumption of conventional dairy products." Based on recommended servings of dairy products and seafoods, dairy products supply far more than α-linolenic acid than seafoods, most 1-third as much eicosapentaenoic acrid, and slightly more than docosapentaenoic acid, but negligible docosahexaenoic acid. Nosotros conclude that consumers have viable options to reduce average ω-6/ω-iii intake ratios, thereby reducing or eliminating likely risk factors for a wide range of developmental and chronic health bug.

Though eating and taste are central to social and moral order, we know lilliputian about the mundane practices that socialize children into the world of nutrient. This study pioneers direct observation of the practices involved in socializing taste. Utilizing Bourdieu'due south distinction between 'the taste of necessity' and 'the gustation of luxury/freedom ', it examines the discourse of taste that prevails at the dinner tables of middle‐grade Caucasian American and Italian families. Across these families, food is depicted as nutrition, a material good, a reward, and pleasure. American families gave high priority to food every bit diet, a cloth good, and reward and low priority to food as pleasance; whereas Italian families gave priority to food equally pleasure over all other qualities. American families devoted their dinner conversation to what children must eat for physiological and moral reasons, while the Italian families concentrated on what children and adults want to eat. Overwhelmingly, American children could obtain what they wanted to eat only after they finished what they must eat (dessert as reward). In addition, Italian adults encouraged children to limited individual tastes as office of what it means to have a personality (child qua person); while at the American dinner table, adults typically treated the tastes of children as generically distinct (child qua child) from those of adults.

  • Katherine A. Dettwyler Katherine A. Dettwyler

The abstract for this document is available on CSA Illumina.To view the Abstract, click the Abstract button above the document championship.

  • Olga Gritsai Olga Gritsai

The commodity deals with the trouble, how the geography of baby food in Europe may be explained by cultural patterns, differences in healthcare systems and standards of living. A survey, conducted in 12 European countries, revealed differences and similarities in gastronomic preferences and healthcare attitudes. National food markets and dietary targets reflect the pressure level of internationalization on cultural traditions. Special attention is paid to the adaptation strategies of multinationals, operating in different cultural environments. The requirements to the qualities of babe food (the accent on being healthy or rather tasty, the choice of producers, etc.) reflect the whole diverseness of lifestyles in European countries, their economic opportunities, stability of cultural traditions, innovative potential.

  • Ellen Townsend Ellen Townsend
  • Nicola J. Pitchford

The impact of unlike weaning methods on food preferences and trunk mass index (BMI) in early childhood is non known. Hither, we examine if weaning method-babe-led weaning versus traditional spoon feeding-influences food preferences and wellness-related outcomes. Parents (north=155) recruited through the Nottingham Toddler laboratory and relevant net sites completed a questionnaire concerning (ane) infant feeding and weaning style (baby-led=92, spoon-fed=63, age range 20-78 months), (2) their child'due south preference for 151 foods (analysed by common food categories, eg, carbohydrates, proteins, dairy) and (iii) exposure (frequency of consumption). Food preference and exposure information were analysed using a case-controlled matched sample to account for the effect of age on food preference. All other analyses were conducted with the whole sample. The master upshot measures were food preferences, exposure and weaning way. The secondary outcome measures were BMI and picky eating. Compared to the spoon-fed grouping, the baby-led group demonstrated (ane) significantly increased liking for carbohydrates (no other differences in preference were found) and (two) carbohydrates to be their nigh preferred foods (compared to sweet foods for the spoon-fed grouping). Preference and exposure ratings were not influenced by socially desirable responding or socioeconomic status, although an increased liking for vegetables was associated with college social form. There was an increased incidence of (i) underweight in the babe-led group and (2) obesity in the spoon-fed group. No difference in picky eating was found between the ii weaning groups. Weaning manner impacts on food preferences and health in early childhood. Our results suggest that infants weaned through the baby-led approach learn to regulate their food intake in a manner, which leads to a lower BMI and a preference for salubrious foods similar carbohydrates. This has implications for combating the well-documented rise of obesity in contemporary societies.

Timing of the starting time introduction of solid food during infancy may accept potential furnishings on life-long wellness. To sympathize the characteristics that are associated with the timing of infants' initial exposure to solid foods. The 2000 National Survey of Early Babyhood Health (NSECH) was a nationally representative telephone survey of ii,068 parents of children aged 4-35 months, which profiled content and quality of wellness care for young children. African-American and Latino families were over-sampled. Analyses in this written report include bivariate tests and logistic regressions. 62% of parents reported introducing solids to their child between iv-six months of age. African-American mothers (OR=0.five [0.iii, 0.9]), English-speaking Latino mothers (OR=0.4 [0.2, 0.7]), White mothers with more loftier school educational activity (OR=0.5 [0.ii, one.0]), and mothers who breastfed for 4 months or longer (OR=0.4 [0.3, 0.7]) were less likely to innovate solids early. Virtually parents (92%) of children 4-9 months of age reported that their pediatric provider had discussed introduction of solids with them since the child's birth, and provider discussion of feeding was not associated with the timing of introduction of solids. Although most parents recall discussing the introduction of solid foods with their child'southward physician, several subgroups of mothers introduce solid foods earlier than the AAP recommendation of 4-6 months. More than effective word of solid nutrient introduction linked to counseling and support of breastfeeding past the master wellness care provider may reduce early introduction of solids.

We identified a model organization that exploits the inherent taste variation in early feedings to investigate food preference development. The objective was to determine whether exposure to differing concentrations of taste compounds in milk and formulas modifies acceptance of exemplars of the 5 basic gustatory modality qualities in a familiar nutrient matrix. Specifically, we examined the effects of consuming hydrolyzed casein formulas (HCFs), which have pronounced bitter, sour, and savory tastes compared with chest milk (BM) and bovine milk-based formulas (MFs), in which these taste qualities are weaker. Subgroups of BM-, MF- and HCF-fed infants, some of whom were fed table foods, were studied on vi occasions to measure out acceptance of sweet, salty, bitter, savory, sour, and plain cereals. In infants non yet eating table foods, the HCF grouping ate significantly more than savory-, biting-, and sour-tasting and apparently cereals than did the BM or MF groups. HCF infants displayed fewer facial expressions of distaste while eating the biting and savory cereals, and they and BM infants were more than likely to smile while they were eating the savory cereal. In formula-fed infants eating table foods, preferences for the bones tastes reflected the types of foods they were being fed. In full general, those infants who ate more nutrient displayed fewer faces of distaste. The type of formula fed to infants has an effect on their response to taste compounds in cereal before solid food introduction. This model system of inquiry investigation sheds light on sources of individual differences in gustation and maybe cultural food preferences.

  • Nancy F Krebs Nancy F Krebs

Atomic number 26 and zinc are trace minerals that are of critical importance to the young infant for normal growth and evolution. Sectional feeding of human milk provides acceptable amounts of both of these nutrients for normal term infants for approximately the first 6 mo. of life. Current recommendations for introduction of complementary foods at this age practice not emphasize the order of introduction of specific foods considering the infant's alimentary canal is considered mature at this time. Consideration of nutritional needs at 6 mo. has mostly focused on the increasing adventure of iron deficiency the longer the diet is without an boosted source of atomic number 26. Recently, there has been more than recognition of the chance of zinc deficiency in the second half of the first year of life in breastfed infants. Review of common feeding practices indicates that early complementary foods are typically iron fortified but low in zinc. Several studies accept now investigated the effects of meat every bit an earlier complementary nutrient on iron and zinc condition. Results of these studies, although requiring further verification, suggest that increased meat intake past breastfed infants >6 mo. old would adequately support both iron and zinc requirements.

The American University of Pediatrics, the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC), and the World Health Organization recommend that infants receive simply breast milk or formula for the first 4 to 6 months of life, followed by the introduction of complementary foods. Despite these recommendations, many infants, specially those with adolescent mothers, receive solid foods (often cereal mixed with formula in a bottle) and liquids other than formula or breast milk in the first few weeks of life. Decisions on early feeding are often guided by grandmothers and influenced past beliefs that infants need complementary food to counteract signals of hunger, reduce crying, and slumber through the dark. This investigation evaluated the efficacy of an intervention to delay the early on introduction of complementary feeding among starting time-time, blackness, adolescent mothers living in multigenerational households. The intervention focused on reducing the cultural barriers to the credence of the recommendations of the American Academy of Pediatrics, WIC, and World Health System on complementary feeding by highlighting iii topics: 1) recognition of infants' cues; 2) nonfood strategies for managing infant behavior; and three) mother-grandmother negotiation strategies. The intervention was delivered through a mentorship model in which a videotape made by an advisory group of black adolescent mothers was incorporated into a home-visiting program and evaluated through a randomized, controlled trial. Ane hundred lxxx-one get-go-fourth dimension, low-income, blackness mothers <18 years quondam, living in multigenerational households were recruited from 3 urban hospitals. Infants were born at term, with birth weight appropriate for gestational age and no built issues. Presently subsequently commitment, mothers and grandmothers completed a baseline assessment and mothers were randomized into an intervention or control group. Intervention grouping mothers received home visitation every other week for 1 year. At three months, a subset of 121 adolescent mothers reported on their baby'due south intake through a food frequency questionnaire. Mothers who fed their babe only breast milk, formula, or water were classified equally optimal feeders. Mothers who provided complementary foods other than breast milk, formula, or h2o were classified as less optimal feeders. Sixty-i pct of the infants received complementary foods before 3 months old. Multivariate hierarchical logistic regression was used to evaluate the determinants of being in the optimal versus less optimal feeders grouping. Subsequently controlling for infant age and family income, mothers of infants in the optimal feeders group were more than probable to report authentic messages from WIC regarding the timing of complementary food and nearly four times more than likely to be in the intervention group. The about common complementary food was cereal mixed with formula in the canteen. The success of this relatively brief intervention demonstrates the importance of using ecological theory and ethnographic enquiry to blueprint interventions that enable participants to alter their behavior in the face up of contradictory cultural norms. The intervention focused on interpreting infants' cues, nonfood methods of managing infant behavior, and mother-grandmother negotiations. It was delivered through methods that were familiar and acceptable to adolescent mothers-a mentorship model incorporating home visits and videotape. The skill-oriented aspects of the intervention delivered in a culturally sensitive context may have enabled the immature mothers to follow the guidelines that they received from WIC and from their pediatricians. Strategies, such as those used in this intervention, may be constructive in promoting other caregiving recommendations, thereby enabling providers to encounter the increasing demands from parents for advice regarding children'south early on growth and development.

Preventive measures for long-life illnesses such as asthma, obesity, and diabetes can start equally early as in infant feeding practices. The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends introducing babies to solid foods, anything other than breast milk or formula, no earlier than 4-6 months of age (Kleinman, 2004). This report's purpose was to assess beliefs and attitudes of mothers enrolled in Medicaid about the introduction of solid foods and other infant feeding behaviors. Vi focus groups (N = 23) were conducted with Blackness and Caucasian mothers with infants under 1 yr old. The Theory of Planned Behavior was used as a framework for moderator questions and interpretation of themes. Maternal knowledge most infant feeding, maternal perceptions of applicability of babe feeding guidelines, and manner and type of information useful for infant feeding decisions emerged as themes. Implications of themes for informing an educational plan for mothers to delay the introduction of solid foods are discussed.

  • Grayson Cross Grayson Cantankerous

The cute child - spunky, yet dependent, naughty just nice - is largely a 20th-century invention. This volume examines how that look emerged in American pop culture and holidays and how the cute turned into the cool, seemingly its opposite, in stories and games. It shows how adults take created the ideal of the innocent childhood and have used this to project adult needs and frustrations rather than concerns about protecting and nurturing the young - and how the images, goods, and rituals of childhood have been co-opted by the commercial world. Magazine and Telly advertisements, articles from the popular press, comic strips, movies, radio scripts, kid-rearing manuals, and authorities publications back up this argument and the volume is illustrated with cartoons, toys, ads, and photos.

  • Ellen Gruber Garvey

This book explores a reader'due south interactions with advertisement during a flow when non only consumption but advertisement itself became established as a pleasure. The volume argues that participation in advertising, rather than top-downwards dictation past advertisers, made advertising a central role of American culture. Information technology tracks new forms of fictional realism that contained brand name references, courting stories, and other fictional forms. Equally magazines became dependant on ad rather than sales for their revenues, women'due south magazines led the way in making consumers of readers through the interplay of fiction, editorials, and advertising. The book takes the cycle every bit a instance study. At once invisible, familiar, and intrusive, advert both shaped fiction of the period and was shaped past it. The book unearths the lively conversations amongst writers and advertisers about the new prevalence of advertizing for mass-produced nationally distributed products.

  • S. Barston

As the subject of a pop web reality series, Suzanne Barston and her husband Steve became a romantic, ethereal model for new parenthood. Chosen "A Parent is Born," the program'due south tagline was "The journey to parenthood from pregnancy to delivery and beyond." Barston valiantly surmounted the issues of pregnancy and delivery. It was the "beyond" that threw her for a loop when she institute that, despite every effort, she couldn't breastfeed her son, Leo. This hard run into with nursing-combined with the overwhelming public attitude that breast is not merely best, it is the yardstick by which parenting prowess is measured-drove Barston to explore the silenced, minority position that breastfeeding is non e'er the right choice for every mother and every kid. Function memoir, role popular scientific discipline, and part social commentary, Bottled Up probes breastfeeding politics through the lens of Barston's own experiences besides as those of the women she has met through her pop blog, The Fearless Formula Feeder. Incorporating good opinions, medical literature, and popular media into a pithy, often wry narrative, Barston offers a corrective to our infatuation with the breast. Impassioned, well-reasoned, and thoroughly researched, Bottled Up asks u.s. to think with more dash and compassion about whether breastfeeding should remain the holy grail of good parenthood.

  • Latham

Canadian criminal law directly concerns itself with childhood in several ways. The child gains limited criminal capacity at age 12 and full capacity at historic period 18 (the authorities governing boyish malversation is set out in The Young Offenders Act 1984). Access to the kid'due south torso is governed past sexual and physical set on laws. The use of corporal penalty to train and teach children has been viewed every bit both necessary and virtuous since Roman times. The defence of reasonable correction appears in both civil law, past more direct descent from Roman police, and the mutual law. The evolution of the common law was informed by Roman law through various processes of infusion. Lasting injury continues to sally as the judicial standard for denying the defense force of reasonable correction despite its clear rejection by the Nova Scotia Supreme Court in 1903. Keywords:Canadian criminal law; common law; lasting injury; physical assault laws; Roman law

  • Lloyd Eastward. Harris

THIS study was undertaken to briefly assess infant feeding practices in a particular customs. We sought to find out what mothers were doing and how this compared with what physicians advised. Physicians were asked what their recommendations were and also what the reasons for their recommendations were. A questionnaire was given to mothers in the Mayo Clinic Well Child Clinic. Three hundred lxxx-three responses were obtained. At the time of inquiry, the infants were ten to 25 months old. 2 hundred nineteen were boys and 164 were girls. All were normal, well children. It was recognized that the economic and general intellectual status of the group of mothers surveyed might not be comparable to that of other communities. Nevertheless, this item group might be expected to have and follow even more than readily the suggested practices than a less sophisticated grouping. Physicians' wives made up 20.1% of the grouping. Nigh of

  • J Leonardi

Recipes, whether in cookbooks or in other texts, exemplify embedded and gendered discourse. In the 1951 edition of Irma Rombauer's The Joy of Cooking, Marion Becker'southward editorial altering of the proportions betwixt "bed"-the narrative that frames the recipes-and recipe erodes the bed and erodes every bit well the usefulness of the recipes. More cognizant than Becker's text of the importance of this bed, E. F. Benson's comic novel Mapp and Lucia both embeds the recipe for those masculine-whether male or female-readers unaware of the recipe'south social significance and establishes a connection between recipe with-holding and narrative. Nora Ephron'due south Heartburn uses the recipe and its social meanings to play with notions of reproducibility both literary and culinary and thereby elaborates a connectedness, unsaid in the early versions of Joy, between recipe sharing and narrative product and consumption, a connection that "Recipes for Reading" itself attempts to reproduce.

  • Joel Forman Joel Forman
  • Janet Silverstein

The U.s. market for organic foods has grown from $3.v billion in 1996 to $28.6 billion in 2010, according to the Organic Merchandise Association. Organic products are now sold in specialty stores and conventional supermarkets. Organic products comprise numerous marketing claims and terms, only some of which are standardized and regulated.In terms of health advantages, organic diets have been assuredly demonstrated to expose consumers to fewer pesticides associated with human disease. Organic farming has been demonstrated to accept less environmental impact than conventional approaches. Even so, electric current evidence does not back up whatever meaningful nutritional benefits or deficits from eating organic compared with conventionally grown foods, and there are no well-powered human studies that directly demonstrate health benefits or affliction protection as a event of consuming an organic diet. Studies also accept not demonstrated any detrimental or illness-promoting effects from an organic diet. Although organic foods regularly control a significant toll premium, well-designed farming studies demonstrate that costs can be competitive and yields comparable to those of conventional farming techniques. Pediatricians should contain this evidence when discussing the health and environmental affect of organic foods and organic farming while continuing to encourage all patients and their families to accomplish optimal nutrition and dietary diverseness consistent with the U.s. Department of Agriculture'due south MyPlate recommendations.This clinical study reviews the health and environmental problems related to organic food production and consumption. Information technology defines the term "organic," reviews organic nutrient-labeling standards, describes organic and conventional farming practices, and explores the cost and environmental implications of organic product techniques. It examines the prove available on nutritional quality and production contaminants in conventionally produced and organic foods. Finally, this report provides guidance for pediatricians to assist them in advising their patients regarding organic and conventionally produced food choices.

  • M C Latham

Papers p 1316It is time that doctors, and anybody else, accepted breast feeding as the biological norm, in terms of both feeding and caring for homo infants. Exclusive breast feeding for six months provides the newborn with all the essential nutrients for wellness and growth and anti-infective properties non nowadays in breastmilk substitutes.1 The American Academy of Pediatrics recently stated, "The breast fed baby is the reference or normative model confronting which all alternative feeding methods must be measured."2 Therefore our vocabulary needs to alter,3 and we should exist saying that formula fed babies take more diseases and poorer psychological development than normal babies, rather than that breast fed babies have less illness and college intelligence. This longstanding view is, however, under threat from the fact that HIV may be transmitted from mother to child through breast milk.For several decades nosotros accept known that artificially fed infants have much college rates of morbidity and mortality than those who are breastfed. Chest milk contains immunoglobulins, phagocytes, T lymphocytes, enzymes such equally lysozymes, and many other factors which help protect the infant against infections,four including cells, antibodies, hormones, and other important constituents not present in infant formula. In this week's BMJ …

  • Jessica Nihlén Fahlquist Jessica Nihlén Fahlquist
  • Sabine Roeser

Nearly sources providing information on infant feeding strongly recommend breastfeeding. The WHO and UNICEF recommend that women breastfeed their babies and that health professionals promote breastfeeding. This creates severe force per unit area on women to breastfeed, a pressure which is ethically questionable since many women have physical or emotional issues with breastfeeding. In this commodity, we utilize insights from the ethics of take chances to criticize the electric current breastfeeding policy. Nosotros debate that there are problems related to balancing aggregate wellbeing versus individual wellbeing, that not enough attention is paid to alternatives, that women's emotions and their demand for free option should be considered and that issues of disinterestedness are currently disregarded. We also criticize the way scientific information is presented in the current policy. We conclude that the official sources of data on babe feeding should exist revised. Data should be more nuanced and designed to back up mothers, and families in making a free choice on what is the all-time fashion to feed their babies.

  • Ole Mouritsen Ole Mouritsen

Diet and lifestyle have an bear upon on the brunt of ill wellness and non-communicable ailments such as cardiovascular affliction (including hypertension), obesity, diabetes, cancer and certain mental illnesses. The consequences of malnutrition and critical unbalances in the nutrition with regard to sugar, common salt and fatty are becoming increasingly manifest in the Western world and are likewise gradually influencing the full general health status for populations in developing countries. In this topical mini-review I highlight the lack of deliciousness and umami (savoury) flavor in prepared meals equally a possible reason for poor nutritional management and backlog intake of salt, fat and sugar. I fence that a better informed utilize of the current scientific understanding of umami and its dependence of the synergetic relationship between monosodium glutamate and sure 5'-ribonucleotides and their activity on the umami gustatory modality receptors will non only provide ameliorate-tasting and more than flavoursome meals but may as well assistance to regulate food intake, in relation to both overeating and nutritional direction of elderly and sick individuals.

The babe-led weaning philosophy proposes that when solids are introduced, infants should exist encouraged to self-feed with solid food, as opposed to spoon-feeding purees. We used data from the Gateshead Millennium Study (GMS) to ascertain the range of ages at which infants reach out for and swallow finger foods and related this to developmental status. GMS recruited infants shortly after nativity and followed them prospectively using postal questionnaires. Of the 923 eligible children, 602 had data on when they first reached out for food, and 340 (56%) had done so before age 6 months, but 36 (six%) were nonetheless not reaching for food at age 8 months. Infants who had not reached out for food by 6 months were less probable to be walking unaided at age ane year (85 out of 224, 38%) compared with those who did (155 out of 286, 54%; P < 0.001). For the 447 parents who completed a diary of the starting time five occasions when their child ate finger foods, the first finger food eaten was earlier historic period 6 months for 170 (forty%) and earlier age 8 months for 383 (xc%); foods offered were mainly bread, rusks or biscuits. Of the 604 with information at historic period 8 months about current intake, all but 58 (9.6%) were having some finger foods at least daily, just only 309 (51%) were having them more once per day. Baby-led weaning is probably viable for a majority of infants, but could lead to nutritional problems for infants who are relatively developmentally delayed.

  • Rachel L Thompson
  • L. Miles
  • J. Lunn
  • Judith L Buttriss Judith L Buttriss

The aim of the nowadays systematic review was to evaluate the influence of early life exposure (maternal and childhood) to peanuts and the subsequent development of sensitisation or allergy to peanuts during babyhood. Studies were identified using electronic databases and bibliography searches. Studies that assessed the touch on of not-avoidance compared with avoidance or reduced quantities of peanuts or peanut products on either sensitisation or allergy to peanuts, or both outcomes, were eligible. Half dozen human being studies were identified: two randomised controlled trials, two case-control studies and two cross-exclusive studies. In addition, published animal and mechanistic studies, relevant to the question of whether early life exposure to peanuts affects the subsequent evolution of peanut sensitisation, were reviewed narratively. Overall, the evidence reviewed was heterogeneous, and was limited in quality, for example, through lack of aligning for potentially misreckoning factors. The nature of the evidence has therefore hindered the development of definitive conclusions. The systematic review of human studies and narrative expert-led reviews of animate being studies exercise not provide clear evidence to suggest that either maternal exposure, or early or delayed introduction of peanuts in the diets of children, has an touch upon subsequent development of sensitisation or allergy to peanuts. Results from some animal studies (and limited prove from man subjects) suggest that the dose of peanuts is an important mediator of peanut sensitisation and tolerance; depression doses tend to pb to sensitisation and higher doses tend to lead to tolerance.

  • Elizabeth Murphy Elizabeth Murphy

This newspaper examines the relationship between the state and the individual in relation to an attribute of mundane family unit life – the feeding of babies and immature children. The nutritional status of children has long been a matter of national business and babe feeding is an aspect of family life that has been subjected to substantial country intervention. Information technology exemplifies the imposition upon women the 'biologico-moral responsibility' for the welfare of children (Foucault 1991b). The state's attempts to influence mothers' feeding practices operate largely through education and persuasion. Through an elaborate state-sponsored apparatus, a strongly medicalised expert soapbox is disseminated to mothers. This discourse warns mothers of the risks of certain feeding practices and the benefits of others. It constrains mothers through a series of 'quiet coercions' (Foucault 1991c) which seek to render them cocky-regulating subjects. Using information from a longitudinal interview study, this paper explores how mothers who are made responsible in these medical discourses around child nutrition, engage with, resist and refuse good advice. It examines, in particular, the rhetorical strategies which mothers use to defend themselves against the charges of maternal irresponsibility that arise when their practices practise not arrange to expert medical recommendations.

  • Lewis G. Dahl
  • Martha Heine
  • Thou Leitl
  • Lorraine Tassinari

Some processed baby foods were lethal to hypertension-prone rats. Amid 25 rats from a genetically hypertension-prone strain fed solely on such baby foods, all developed significant hypertension (averaging 180–190 mm Hg in the last three months of ascertainment), 12 died, and 2 others became seriously ill during the 8 months of report. In contrast, the IS control rats maintained on a low sodium grub were all alive and their average pressure at eight months was 141.4 mm Hg. Considerable testify suggests that the departure in response of exam and command groups was due to the high NaCl content added to the processed baby foods. This added NaCl is unnecessary for the health of infants. It may contribute to the later development of hypertension in genetically predisposed individuals.

  • Sara A. Quandt

To clarify the function of beikost (nonmilk foods) in the nutrition of the breast-fed infant, 45 infants were studied longitudinally from birth to half dozen months of age. All were exclusively breast fed from birth; they received beikost equally their first not-breast-milk food. The infants were selected from a sample of 91 normal American infants consuming maternal-selected diets. Weight and length were measured at monthly intervals from birth. Diet data were nerveless using 24-hour diaries completed by mothers every eight days throughout the report. Age at introduction of first beikost averaged 120.8 days (range 36 to 178 days). When the infants were less than 4 months of age (Northward = 12), first consumption of beikost was accompanied by decreasing nursing frequency. In contrast, the infants who were introduced to beikost at a later historic period (N = 33) showed stable or increasing nursing frequency. Those evidently historic period-related roles of beikost equally dietary "replacements" or "additions" were confirmed by growth analyses. Although groups were like at nascency and 1 month, replacement infants had significantly lower weights for length and historic period after 2 months. Those results suggest that for breast-fed infants, early on introduction of beikost reduces milk consumption and may pb to significantly lower weight gain than continuation of the exclusive chest-milk nutrition.

  • Samuel J. Fomon

The early years of the 20th century were notable for improvements in general sanitation, dairying practices and milk handling. Almost infants were chest-fed, often with some formula feeding as well. Availability of the home icebox permitted condom storage of milk and baby formula, and by the 1920s, feeding of orange juice and cod liver oil greatly decreased the incidence of scurvy and rickets. Apply of evaporated milk for formula preparation decreased bacterial contamination and curd tension of infant formulas. From 1930 through the 1960s, chest-feeding declined and cow's milk and beikost were introduced into the diet at earlier and earlier ages. Although commercially prepared formulas, including iron-fortified formulas replaced abode-prepared formulas, few infants were breast-fed or formula fed subsequently 4-half-dozen mo of age. Iron deficiency was prevalent. From 1970 through 1999, a resurgence of breast-feeding was associated with a prolongation of formula feeding and an increase in usage of fe-fortified formulas. By the finish of the century, formula feeding of older infants had largely replaced feeding of fresh moo-cow's milk and the prevalence of iron deficiency had greatly decreased.

Infant feeding guidelines recommend sectional breast-feeding to the age of 6 months; complementary foods should not be introduced before this age. This study examined parent and infant psychosocial determinants of the early introduction of complementary foods. Analyses were conducted on a representative sample of children born in Québec (Canada) in 1998 (n = 2,223), surveyed through the Québec Longitudinal Study of Child Development. Of the children, 61% received complementary foods prior to the age of 4 months. A multiple logistic regression analysis revealed the early introduction of complementary foods was more probable when mothers were younger, less educated, of lower socioeconomic class, and when they felt they had piddling influence on their child'southward development. Higher parental conviction in caring for the infant was also associated with the early on introduction of complementary foods (p < or = .05). Futurity enquiry must carefully consider the psychosocial aspects involved in adhering to baby feeding guidelines.